Analysis Batangas University by Porter 5 Forces

There are a number of models and frameworks used in the analyses of competitiveness of engineering universities in the context of internationalization and globalization. Although much can be derived from such analyses, it is argued that universities that can be harnessed to provide competitive advantage can be best analyzed when regarded as an industry.In this study, the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering was determined based on Porter’s Five Competitive Forces Model and was defined by the following: the threat of new entrants, rivalry among existing firms within an industry, the threat of substitute products or services, the bargaining power of suppliers, and the bargaining power of buyers. The intensity of threats of new entering universities, short-term substitutes, and rivalry among existing universities were determined over the strength of Batangas State University College of Engineering as supplier, and as viewed by the industries and alu mni as buyers.PURPOSEThis paper examined the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering using Porter’s Five Competitive Forces Model. It assessed the competitive edge of the College as perceived by alumni and other stakeholders vis-à  -vis other engineering institutions, which highlighted the applicability of this model in determining the competitiveness of the College.DESIGN / METHODTo be able to analyze the competitive advantage of Batangas State University College of Engineering over the other existing engineering schools in Batangas, its graduates from twelve engineering programs over the last five years were surveyed. This determined the graduates’ assessment of faculty competence in different aspects, effectiveness of its curriculum, and the capability of the university in providing quality services to the students.On the other hand, the personnel from different companies in the region were included in the population of this study to det ermine their assessment of the competitiveness of the graduates of Batangas State University College of Engineering. The respondents of this study were 386 alumni out of 2,197 graduates from twelve engineering programs of Batangas State University from the school year (SY) 2005-2006 to SY 2009-2010. On the other hand, a total of 52 respondents from major industries in the CALABARZON region were the second group of respondents of the study.RESULTSResults revealed that the perceptions of the alumni and industry partners on the College’s competitiveness as regards buyer power, supplier power, threats of new entry and rivalry among existing competitors were relatively high. On the other hand, they had an average perception on the competitiveness of the College’s programs considering threats of substitutes .CONCLUSIONPorter’s Five Competitive Forces Model has been found applicable in the analysis of competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering similar to that in business entities to have distinct attributes and capabilities which are presented to their clientele if they are to have a strong market and competitive position.The results underscore the competitiveness of the University in terms of faculty, curriculum and other attributes that make it a University of choice by students for an engineering education. Despite these, it is challenged by  aggressive competition by other institutions and by alternative substitute modes of learning equal to an engineering degree.KEYWORDSPorter's Five Competitive Forces, competitive advantage, differentiation strategiesIntroductionGlobalization has become inevitably beyond the control of individual Higher Education Institutions and governments. Characteristically, since global cities have a high density of participation in higher education, there is a strong positive correlation between the higher education enrolment ratio of a nation or a region, and its global competitive performa nce (Bloom, 2005). Future opportunities and challenges for internationalization of higher education must be explored in order to respond to globalization of societies, cultures, economies and labor markets (Kà ¤lvermark & Wende, 1997).There has been a continuing interest in the analysis of forces that induce impact on organizations, particularly those that can be harnessed to provide competitive advantage like universities. (Thurlby, 1998).The Batangas State University stands as a university offering engineering education anchored on its mission and the mandates of the Commission on Higher Education. Having acquired recognition for its engineering education through the years, there is a felt need to verify how it stands as to the entities it has served: the alumni, and the market – the industries.One of the bases of competitiveness is readiness for internationalization. Termed as internationalization of tertiary education (ITE), this means integrating international, intercul tural or global dimension into the goals, functions, and delivery of higher education (Knight and de Wit, 1997) as cited by Eglitis and Panina (2010). Evidently, this is seen in the crafted vision of Batangas State University, which has geared its direction in the shaping of a global Filipino. Also, the Batangas State University is governed by national regulations, policies and norms which according to Duczmal (2006) may have an impact on students and their academic and  personal and social behaviors as well as their choice of university.To date, the College is home to 122 top performers in national licensure examinations notably in mechanical, electrical, electronics and communications, civil, chemical, environmental and sanitary and architecture programs, and the graduates’ performance in national licensure examinations is consistently higher than the national passing percentage expected among engineering graduates. As a result of the efforts to continuously improve the q uality of its curricular programs, faculty, and research capabilities, it has become a university of choice by future engineering students and one of the top producers of globally competitive professionals in the region.According to Porter, it is imperative that organizations have their own strategies that reflect their needs and plans, given the institutional arrangements and external conditions. The Batangas State University took the risk of program differentiation when it started offering programs other engineering schools in the province did not offer. It adapted by making the faculty strong by sending them for advanced studies and trainings abroad to prepare them for the instructional needs and challenges of the new programs.To Porter, this move shows the competitiveness of an organization. Organizations adapting to new institutional arrangements and new demands will choose the way they respond and reorganize themselves. One way is to create added value to its products which in this context, Batangas State University did. Duczmal (2006) had cited not-for-profit organizations, such as a higher education institutions use added value strategies not just for money but works for value for society and performance of their mission, as well.MethodologyThe study was anchored on the theory of Michael Porter on competitiveness which is a tool used to analyze an industry’s or company’s structure and their corporate strategies. This will present the different competitiveness models and frameworks as applied to business and knowledge intensive organizations. Industry analysis in higher education institution was also presented to show the appropriateness of Porter theory in the analysis of competitiveness of universities.The respondents of this study were the 386 alumni out of 2,197 graduates over the past five years from twelve engineering programs of Batangas State University from the school year (SY) 2005-2006 to SY 2009-2010. The number of respondents used exceeds the 339 minimum required number of samples determined using Slovin’s Formula with a margin of error of 0.05, distributed to different programs using stratified proportional sampling technique. On the other hand, a total of 52 respondents from major industries in CALABARZON region were the second group of respondents in the study.Survey Questionnaire DesignGenerally, the developed questionnaire consisted of seven sections (Sections A to G). The first six sections (Sections A to F) were intended for alumni respondents while the seventh section (Section G) was aimed for industry personnel who were able to handle Batangas State University College of Engineering graduates and trainees. The responses of the respondents to the questionnaire items were given scalar values of 1-5 with 1 as the lowest to 5 as the highest.Section A. This part of the questionnaire dealt with the general criteria in choosing engineering university. This includes affordability, adequacy of fac ilities, laboratories and library resources, availability of scholarships, efficiency of students’ services, accreditation of programs, honors and achievements earned by the university, and linkages with industries and other agencies. This reflects the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering as based on Porter’s buyer power attribute as perceived by alumni.Section B. This part pertained to faculty competence as to professional qualification, advanced education, sufficiency of teaching experience and training, affiliation to professional organizations, participation to seminars and conferences, and linkages with the industry. This reflects the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering based on Porter’s supplier power attribute as to  faculty competence as perceived by alumni.Section C. This was concerned with the strength of the curriculum as to submission to Commission on Higher Education standards, updated ness and responsiveness to industry needs, and involvement of the stakeholders in its revision. This reflects the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering based on Porter’s supplier power attribute as to curriculum as perceived by alumni.Section D. This section dealt with the strength or limitations of Batangas State University as compared to other existing engineering schools in Batangas with regard performance, affordability, faculty, accreditation, research and innovation, awards and honors, linkages and international affiliation. This reflects the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering as based on Porter’s attribute of rivalry as perceived by alumni.Section E. This contained the preference to other substitutes to engineering courses which includes enrollment to short term or technical courses, affiliation to some professional organization, and enrollment to some online programs. This indicates the competitiven ess of Batangas State University College of Engineering as based on Porter’s threats of substitute attribute as perceived by alumni.Section F. This part focused on the acceptability of Universities that introduce new engineering programs that are competitive in providing engineering education. This shows the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering based on Porter’s threats of new entry attribute as perceived by alumni.Section G. This concerned the attributes of the graduates of Batangas State University College of Engineering as well as the responsiveness of its curriculum relative to the needs of the industry. This reflects the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering as based on Porter’s buyer power attribute as perceived by the industries.Competitiveness ModelsIn the higher education literature, Pringle and Huisman (2011) observed that most models and frameworks for analysis are based on defining governan ce structure or coordination models such Clark’s Triangle of Coordination (1983), van Vught’s Rational Planning and Control Model (1989), Olsen’s Four States Model (1988) and Hood’s Comparative Framework (1998).Porter (1990) outlined his conceptual framework of competitiveness first in ‘The Competitive Advantage of Nations’. At a broad level, Porter distinguished between two sets of factors that impact competitiveness: The social, political, macroeconomic, and legal context on the one hand and the microeconomic foundations on the other hand (Porter, 2004). In his research, Ketels (2006) pointed out that without microeconomic improvements macroeconomic reforms fail to achieve sustainable improvements in prosperity.Within the set of microeconomic factors, Porter distinguishes between the sophistication with which companies operate and the quality of the business environment Haataja and Okkonen (2004) synthesized the three competitiveness models as applied to knowledge intensive organization. This includes value chain, resource-based view and knowledge-based view.Porter (1985) pointed out that every activity in the process creates value for the customer through the chain of activities. According to this view, the chain of activities helps to develop knowledge creation and service processes.Porter’s Five Competitive Forces Model has already been applied in a wide array of businesses including non-profit organizations where competitive advantage is a central theme. As cited by Pringle and Huisman (2011), Porter’s model (1985) is anchored on microeconomics and despite criticisms from Mintzberg (1994) and others, it is still one of the most strategic frameworks used today. Since engineering universities can be harnessed to provide competitive advantage, it is in this context that Porter’s Five Competitive Forces Model was chosen by the researcher in analyzing the  competitiveness of Batangas State Univer sity College of Engineering.Industry Analysis in Higher EducationAccording to Collis (1997), industry analysis is based on the concept that all industries create value. The questions are what amount of value the industry can create and who captures the created value. The two forces that affect the size of the industry include threat of entry of new providers and threat of substitute products. On the other hand, the three forces that determine the division of the industry include power of buyers, power of suppliers, and the degree of rivalry. Together these five forces are considered contributory to the average profitability of an industry.Duczmal (2006) cited that some industries are inherently more profitable than others because of the distinct differences in their structure. In the analysis of higher education, the success of industry analysis lies in its focus at the various agents of change that operate directly or indirectly through the ‘five forces’. The framework considers the collective changes caused by the five forces, and how the resulting changes may reconfigure the higher education industry as a whole rather than looking at the impact of the individual forces or drivers.Each public and private higher education institution always strives to gain a competitive advantage in the market. (Porter, 1980, 1998). Having a competitive advantage over other competing organizations attracts prospective sufficient students, and further generate state funding and tuition fee income, which is necessary for sustainable development. Porter distinguished two families of business concepts or strategies useful for industry analysis namely: product differentiation strategy and efficiency or cost leadership strategy.The first type of strategy refers to the idea that the organization is unique for it serves  a particular market and offers products and services that are different from  the products offered by other suppliers. In the second family of strat egies, the advantage of the organization lies in its ability to produce its product in a less costly way as compared to its competitors. As further identified by Porter, strategies can be directed towards either a broad market; or specific market segments. In some cases, targeting the broad market may lead to an increased added value and a better competitive position in the market (Duczmal, 2006).In the case of higher education applying focus strategy, universities and colleges concentrate on a narrow student or program segment, and within that segment they manage to develop the best offer and capture the students’ interests. This discourages other providers from competing directly. In this case, students have less choice and are left with fewer alternatives to choose from.On the other hand, a broad market-wide business concept suggests a broad market strategy, where the products offered caters to a wider market segments. Organizations choosing the broad market strategy can a dopt the differentiation strategy or the cost leadership strategy, emphasizing price first then availability. However, most often they will mix both strategies, offering low-cost products to some consumer groups that emphasize the price first, and high-quality products to those consumers that are attracted by the brand and quality of the products (Porter, 1980). Universities that consider a broad market strategy offer a wide range of programs, including those leading to bachelor, master or even doctoral degrees.They may offer varied modes of delivery, including full-time, part-time and evening-time programs. Their offer is targeted at a wide array of students groups from different economic classes. They also try to attract students from rural areas by opening branches in smaller non-academic cities. Higher education institutions that decide to adopt such a broad market strategy need to have diversified sources of financial resources in the form of state subsidies or large endowments , or donations (Duczmal, 2006).Porter’s Five Competitive Forces TheoryAccording to Porter (1980, 1985) and Porter and Millar (1985), as cited by Shin (2001), a firm develops its business strategies in order to obtain competitive advantage over its rivals. This is done by responding to five primary forces: the threat of new entrants, rivalry among existing firms within an industry, the threat of substitute products or services, the bargaining power of suppliers, and the bargaining power of buyers (Figure 1). The threats of new entrants become a competitive force when they are new and render the same products and services. The easier it is for new companies to enter the industry, the more cutthroat competition there will be.Power of suppliers is the pressure suppliers can place on a business. If one supplier has a large enough impact to affect another company's offerings, definitely it becomes a competitive force to reckon and then it holds substantial power. On the other hand, power of buyers is manifested by the pressure customers can place on a business. Businesses have to adopt strategies so that they provide requirements and demands of customers as they have impact to the success sustainability and profitability of the business.Availability of substitutes is a pressure as buyers will have the tendency to switch to another supplier with a competitive product or service. These forces help analyze the intensity of competition to the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. Figure 1 shows the interaction among the different competitive forces.In the context of Porter’s Five Competitive Forces, the study presupposed that these could also be adopted as assessment factors in determining the competitiveness of educational institutions. Along this end, the forces were aligned so that they may appropriately be useful on the educational field. Supplier in the educational sector referred to faculty and curriculum.

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Construction Law - Essay Example The ECS contract is parallel to ECC in detail and complications of contractual demands; however, the names of the parties to the contract and timescales for completion are changed to meet the deadlines under the ECC contract (GMH Planning, 2012). Clause 11.2(17) lays down the criteria for a subcontractor. Firstly, someone involved in construction or installation of part of the work which indicates that a contractor can’t sublet an entire project to another individual or organization. Secondly, it can be someone who provides a service necessary to provide the works, this shows that services of others can be utilized and no limitation is placed on only subletting a part of the project. The third category describes individuals and organizations that would not be considered as sub-contractors. They enter into a contract regarding the provision of plant and material which they partly or completely designed for a specific project. The imperative point to remember is that the burden of responsibility of the contactor towards the employer is not shifted to a subcontractor (Eggleston, 2006). ... NEC3 provides that the construction or installation of part of the work can be sublet to a sub-contractor and offers two options. The first option if NEC3 Engineering and Construction Subcontract (ECS) with slight changes in the timescales and names of the parties involved in the project. Clause 62.3 makes changes in the time period for submission of and response to quotations and clause 51 makes change in the time period of payment. The payment period in Secondary Option Y (UK) 2 of ECS is similar to ECC type of the similar secondary option ensuing in same payment time limits. Main contractors can amend these periods by using the provisions of Subcontract Data Part One (Patterson, 2007). The second option under NEC3 is the Engineering and Construction Short Subcontract (ECSS) used for projects which don’t involve complex management techniques, consist of uncomplicated work and entail low risks. It prohibits delegating design responsibility to the subcontractor, simplifies wor k by adhering to Works information but it doesn’t simplify processes concerning compensation events. It is obligatory for the subcontractor to report compensation events within seven days of becoming knowledgeable of such an event and will have similar liabilities as a Contractor does under the ECC in case of failure to give notification. However, ECSS does not include deemed acceptance procedure for not replying unlike ECS. Therefore, we can conclude that the burden of compensation event procedures lies with the Subcontractor under ECSS. In this instance, the subcontractor did not adhere to the precise requirements provided in the Works Information concerning installation of a complimentary

Critical Analysis of a Quantative Study Research Paper

Critical Analysis of a Quantative Study - Research Paper Example When a study is to be conducted, the protection of the human participants or respondents is an issue of primary importance. Essentially, all participants have to be fully aware of their role in the study and what the study is all about. It is important that they are informed of the benefits they can gain from participating in the study as well as the risks that they face. In this particular study by Miyashita, et al. (2006), no particular benefit was provided by the investigators that the respondents stood to gain by participating. The authors also did not provide any risks that the participants face if they agreed to participate in the study. Ideally, the study is supposed to obtain the informed consent of the participants. In this particular study, the respondents were enrolled by the Palliative care units. The respondents were given the freedom to choose on whether not to participate or to participate. It can then be concluded that the study obtained informed consent from the resp ondents. Additionally, the study obtained both scientific and ethical validity from the institutional review boards of hospitals that were participating in the study. With reference to data collection, there are independent and dependent variables. The author identified the variables as follows; the general population and the bereaved family were the dependent variables. The independent variables were the age and sex of the respondents. It is worth noting that the authors failed to overtly demonstrate the significance of obtaining the sex of the respondents as its value to the study was not clearly demonstrated. The authors chose to use questionnaire as the sole means of data collection. The authors did not provide a rationale for choosing to use this method of data collection. It would have beneficial for the authors to state for example why questionnaires were chosen over interviews for data collection. Again, using this method solely as the main method of data collection cast some doubt on the reliability of the data obtained. This is because respondents may give information without understanding the purpose of the study and thereby compromise the accuracy of the data (Creswell, 2008). But, by allowing the respondents to choose whether to respond or not to; they prevented any ethical issues from arising. The questionnaires did not request for any form of information that may be directly associated with any particular individual thereby assuring the respondents their privacy. The authors posted the questionnaires on August 2004 and then October 2004 for those who had failed to reply. The participant was expected to receive the questionnaire sent by mail and fill the information if he is willing to participate in the study. He would then post it back to the investigators. The primary objective of the study was to conceptualise the good death dimensions within the Japanese care center. The study also intended to clarify on the significance of each of the components of good death and explore the factors that influence an individual’s perception of good death. The authors used Cronbach’s alpha coefficients and e xplanatory factor analysis to be able to conceptualize a good death. The factor analysis enabled

Organisational Structure Key terms Chain of command Essay Example for Free

Organisational Structure Key terms Chain of command Essay Chain of command Line linking the top of the structure to the bottom workers Top to bottom Responsibility Accountability Horizontal People on the same line, but usually in different departments. A span of control is the number of people one person is in charge of. Tall Hierarchal structures Those with a long chain of command Management communicate with those directly below them and further down the line. Example: Marks and Spencer, Next, theyre normally formal organisations. They are tall because there are a lot of people working for them. Advantages Clear chain of command Staff know where they stand They know who there boss is Chances of promotion They know there entitlements and rights Specialist departments Disadvantages Takes more time to make a decision Inflexible, people only know there area of work, and cant cover for someone who is not in that works in another area. Information might get misinterpreted and distorted along the line of communication because there are so many links in the chain. Read more:Â  Walgreens Organizational Structure Matrix Structure Sometimes an organisation needs to run according to what projects they have to do. In these situations people usually work together in a team to achieve their projects goals. A person working on a project would have two bosses, the boss of the department that they work in and the leader or manager of the particular project that they are working on at the moment. A project may cover some or all of the organisations departmental areas. Senior manager heads a division or team of specialists drawn from different departments. A specialist (e.g. finance) can be part of a number of teams or divisions Advantages Promotes coordination between departments cuts across departmental boundaries flexibility and creativity Mixture of knowledge and skills Allows a range of staff to be involved which gives good experience. Disadvantages Confusion between managers who are dealing with a number of projects at one time Projects may be temporary Too many people involved to make decisions.

Company needs to analyze the general environment

Company needs to analyze the general environment A large company needs to analyze the general environment when making global strategy and doing international business. Included by the general environment, the terms of demographic, economic, political/legal, sociocultural, technological and global have different impacts on the strategy of a company. Demographic In the term of demographic, it can be divided into two factors, gender and age, which are important to the market of Nike, because Nike, a large multinational company, has stores in almost all regions over the world, and the strategy making can be focused on these two factors. Focused on the gender, the market of female is great and the need of sportswear for women is high. Firstly, the women sports players are getting more and more professional and begin to stand on the stage of the world high level games such as Olympic Games and grand slam in tennis, which makes female sports players and their fans have a need of sportswear. Secondly, with the development of the society of most countries, women are getting aware the importance of their rights (Foster, 2001), which helps them have a thought of taking sports like males. Also, in the term of age, Nike has a market of middle aged people in some countries especially in China, and it can provide casual sportswear to meet the target customers needs. First of all, though Nike used Jordan to make advertisement several years ago and changed the person who cooperates with the company, the fans of the heroes will not change and still have a need of Nike sportswear (Jung, 2005). Also, after entering the Chinese market in 1995, the revenue of Nike is stably growing and gains a group of people who have high loyalty of the Nike brand (Jung, 2005), and the age of these loyal customers is getting higher, which may become a huge needs of sportswear suitable for middle aged people. Through demographic, the females and middle aged people may have a huge need of Nike sportswear and will become a large market. And, when Nike is meeting the youngsters needs of profession, the middle aged customers may have more needs of fitness rather than competition. So Nike can design some new series of sportswear to meet their needs. Political/legal To save the cost is essential for a large company like Nike; Asian sourcing has allowed low manufacturing costs relative to the quality of the products. Thus, Asian sourcing has always been nearly as central to Nike strategy as using famous athletes to attest to the virtues of Nike equipment in athletic performances (Kahle, Boush and Phelps, 2000, p43). However, Nike is blamed for using low labor in low cost lacking of humanity. Nike seems to pay salaries lower than the standard given by the Indian government (Jung, 2005). This problem will leave really negative influences on Nike. Also, outsourcing production to factories in Vietnam and labors are used without human rights, such as working overtime and being neglected the health situation, brings out conflicts between the company and the society. Nike may lose its reputation among customers, and the brand of Nike may become not as cool as it should be. When the challenge started coming about labor conditions in Vietnam and Southeast Asia and other parts of the world, everyone heard about Nike workers without, of course, making the distinction that they were contract workers. When all of this was going on, about a third of the senior managers were in tears during the meeting. They were embarrassed- with their neighbors, their families, and their friends- by being Nike employees. Said Schwartz (2000, p8) The legality of labor using should be concerned by Nike even it just outsource the production to other factories, because the legality may affect Nikes reputation a lot. And both the revenue and the royalty of customers will be affected by the changes of reputation. So, the legality is what manufacturing companies like Nike has to concern about, because society confirms a businesss legitimacy, and failure to consider societal impact can destroy a reputation. (Schwartz, 2000, p7) Economic The economic situation for a country should be concerned by companies doing international business like Nike, because peoples budget that affects the marketing potential is influenced by the economy and financial policy of the country. Since the needs of the market will depend on the budget and economic behavior of people (Boje, 2001), companies should think about the economic term. With the broken out of subprime crisis, the economy of US is going worse, and a large number of countries, such as Iceland, have been negatively influenced, which will lead to a retrench of budget and the market. Also, in countries who are sensitive to finance such as US, UK and Swiss, people are going with the budget strictly (Francesco and Gold, 2001, p27), and with the downward economic situation, the market may get smaller. However, the markets in the regions not affected greatly such as Asia and Middle Eastern is more stable relatively. Under this kind of situation, the needs of products and the market should become lower and smaller. Also, with the growth of the cost, it may lead to a reduction of revenue in the whole and restrict the development of Nike in the worldwide market though Nike may have the capability to keep the market share and still win the competition among Adidas, Puma and Nike. Sociocultural As a sportswear company, Nike needs to know what the socioculture, a persons understanding of sports, should be in a region or a field of sports events. First of all, it is found that people are always showing the respect to heroes, especially the sports heroes in real life (Jung, 2005), so companies including Nike uses excellent sports players like Jordan to make film and advertisements for it in order to develop peoples adoration to the heroes so that the needs will be created. Also, because of the culture of success adoration, the needs may get enhanced if fans of the heroes feel that Nike can make positive effects on them. And Nike got additional market value when Tiger is in contention to win and a positive impact on his performance because of Nikes products is believed by the society (Farrell, Karels and McClatchey, 2000, p3). However, people in different areas have different sociocultures on sport events, such as soccer for Europe and basketball for US, so when making strategi es, Nike can try to identify the different needs in the target markets. So, to understand the socioculture of a region can help companies like Nike define its target market and find an appropriate way to make marketing and promotion. Also, according to the sports culture of an area and the needs of target market, to communicate with local players and design a product with them might be helpful in terms of both market and technology. Technological Customers nowadays have higher requirements on the technology of the products. Firstly, people are more captious than before. The technology of Nike Air gets blamed because people find that the air cannot support feet enough and may lead to injury(CBC News, 2006). Also, people need Nikes products be made with the technology of not only fitness and safety but also fashionable and cool one such as IT technology. Nike is working with Apple and produce Nike+ with a sensor connecting iPod in order to meet peoples needs. The needs of hi-tech make companies like Nike and IT companies like Apple come together, working out a strategy and making innovation in order to enhance the strength of them and achieve the markets needs. Global With the pace of globalization, areas in different parts of the world get connection and MNCs are setting more and more stores in different regions. Though Nike has great quantity of store all over the world, it can control all the stores at the same time (Hansen and Nohria, 2006, p12). However, though countries go closer because of the globalization, special needs in different cultures are still exist, which makes Nikes products have some differences when selling in different regions. This situation leaves Nikes products a diversification even in one series. But too diversified products will lead to a mass in the market and make customers feel confusing (Hemp, 2006, p50). Nike should make some differences in its products in order to meet different needs, but the standardization of products should also be focused. So, to make the balance between centralization and diversification of the products is what Nike should concern about in the global market. Industrial Environment In the term of industrial environment, the five forces model created by Michael Porter will be used to analyze Nike. Rivalry among competing firms Since Nike is an international company that has their product selling worldwide, it has countless of competitors, including many domestic local firms. However, only a few international companies are Nikes major competitors, such as Adidas, Reebok and Puma. Also, merger makes the athletics industry more concentrated. Nike bought Converse in 2003 and Adidas bought Reebok in August 2005, and half of the worldwide market is shared by these two top players (Jung, 2005). And, the notable companies such as Adidas, New Balance have different values and markets. Nike has a main market for US basketball while Adidass is European soccer and fashion and casual sports for New Balance, which makes them have different markets and target customers. However, to enter a new market like soccer is not easy for Nike even it made great efforts. Nike worked with Google to create joga.com, an Orkut-like site for soccer fans (Christopher, 2008, p6) in order to develop the soccer market which is defined as on e of the most important in terms of growth rate (Pagliano, 2004). So the rivalry among competing firms is low because there are few companies with strong competing power, but the competition among large companies is great. And, if Nike wants to develop the soccer market in Europe, the great investment on advertising and a method of changing the classic and traditional culture of Europeans should be concerned. Threat of new entrants Top players, such as Nike, Adidas and Puma, in the footwear industry made a high entry barrier to reduce the threat of new comers. First of all, these companies put a great investment on advertisement and marketing. Nike had 50 sponsored Athletes win a gold medal in Athens 2004. Adidas spent $80 million for the Official Sportswear partner title in Beijing 2008. And the high investment makes new firms hard to compete with them, even enter the market because sales for companies in this industry mainly depend on the marketing performance (Christopher, 2008, p6). Innovation is another way to keep a lead on would be competitors. Companies are making efforts to develop their technology and create new functions such as Nike+, the sensor connecting with iPod, which can not only gain more customers but also keep new firms with low technology out of the worldwide market. However, though Nike and Adidas are leading the market, a local company, Li-Ning, came to the worldwide market. Li-Ning sponsors 4 Chinese teams for the Olympics, and its products are about half as expensive as those of its foreign rivals, and its network of stores dwarfs that of any other player (Terjesen, 2007), which might be the advantage for Li-Ning. So, local companies may succeed to enter the local market and use its low price as advantage to compete with leaders though the entering barrier is high. Nike should focus on the new comers with both the development of technology and lower price who might become a strong threat to top players in the future when making strategies, even though these local companies cannot compete with Nike today. Threats of substitutes Since athletic shoes and sportswear are designed to improve comfort and personal safety during sports, the substitutes for athletic footwear products are low because there are little alternatives to switch. Though people except athletes are still likely to use boots or sandals to substitute sportswear, doing sports is an essential and basic factor in peoples life and the need of sportswear is exist for everyone. Therefore, there are no real substitutes for athletic footwear and sportswear. Bargaining power of supplier In order to reduce the cost, Nike make outsourcing of their process of production to low labor cost countries, mainly China and Vietnam. Nikes products are manufactured in more than 700 factories and more than 500,000 workers in 51 countries, but only over 20000 direct employees for Nike working in US (Locke, 2006, p6). Suppliers have very low power since they are competing worldwide with thousands of other suppliers. Also, firms like Nike are able to switch between suppliers quickly and cheaply, so these suppliers become dependent on these firms for survival. And, the competition among factories is really high even problems such as low wages in Indonesia, child labor in Pakistan and health and safety problems in Vietnam occurred (Locke, 2006, pp.13-16) because of the low bargaining power of supplier. Bargaining power of buyer The threat of bargaining power of buyer is low because customers do not have a lot of choices when they are choosing athletic wears. First of all, unlike other products, footwear has its own function such as an improvement of safety. Customers, especially athletes, have a need of the technology of the shoes which is the strength of large companies such as Adidas, Nike even Li-Ning. Also, the fans of sports players will use what the players use, which helps companies like Nike and Adidas build a loyalty of customers. The sales of Nike Golf products grew a lot when Tiger Woods showed an improvement in his performance (Farrell, Karels and McClatchey, 2000, p3) because customers also want to improve their performance by using Nikes products. However, though the bargaining power of buyer is low in the industry, some people are buying products of Nike because of the apotheosis of their sports heroes, which shows that a lot of customers may have a loyalty to other brand like Adidas and Li-Ning. So to attract people without brand loyalty is much easier and more important than concentrating on those with a high loyalty to their heroes. Conclusion The analysis of general environment and industrial environment can be concluded that Nike nowadays is under low threats in the industry with some problems still existing. Also, as a leading company of sportswear industry, Nike should not only focus on the development of technology and working with companies in other industries, but also keep the high quality of marketing and promotion. And, the factories Nike does outsourcing business with should be executed by direct employees from Nike because the neglecting of the problems happened in these factories will result in a loss of reputation. With the pace of globalization, there are both threats and opportunities for Nike. And to concern the environment of the industry and the world market will help Nike make strategies and develop more easily and scientifically.

Internet Censorship Essay -- Web Cyberspace Censor Essays Argumentativ

Internet Censorship You are at work and the phone rings. It is the school principal from the high school your daughter attends. He politely tells you that your daughter is being suspended from school and asks that you please come pick her up. After digging a little deeper, you find out that she is being punished for posting to the internet, a book report based writings of James Joyce. The reason for the suspension is not because the material was plagiarized, but because the content of the material was considered "objectionable" or "indecent" according to new standards mandated by the government. The above story could have easily happened under the 1996 Communication Decency Act (CDA), whose objective was, according to class notes, to protect children from pornographical material but contained vague and ambiguous language. I am all for protecting children from harm, for regulating what they see and do and to maximize their learning. However, censoring the activity of chidren is the role of a parent and not a function of the government. The cost of protecting our children should not be at the cost of our constitutional rights and freedom of speech. The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution clearly states that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." Censorship by the government under the CDA, would do more harm than good because, according to Spectacle.org, "The CDA criminalizes 'indecent' speech on the Internet. One section of the CDA defines indecency as speech depicting or describing se... ...we can say as well. New technologies are always being developed and we, as a society, need to be able to handle it responsibly. We need to protect our constitutional rights, all of them. Too many countries around the world have oppressive governments, where people are thrown in jail for speaking out against government policies. Works Cited Wallace, J. and M. Mangan, "The Internet Censorship FAQ", http://www.spectacle.org/freespch/faq.html Attias, Prof. B., Class notes, November 10, 2003, COMS 454 Electronic Frontier Foundation, "About EFF: General Information about the Electronic Frontier Foundation, http://www.eff.org/about Hochheiser, Harry, "Cyber-Liberties: Censorship In a Box, Ver. 1.1 12/25/97 http://archive.aclu.org/issues/cyber/box.html#blocking Webster's II New Riverside University Dictionary\ulnone , p. 242, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1984

The Battle Of Midway Essay -- American History

The Battle of Midway On June 3rd, 1942, the United States declared war on Imperialistic Japan and Nazi Germany. Due to the bombing of the United States' naval base at Pearl Harbor by the Japanese the U.S. was forced to take action. The United States began their first naval battle near the Midway islands in defense of its pacific fleet and positioning. Midway was the Japanese' last goal for its western expansion in the Pacific. Just after midnight on June 4th,1942, the United States attacked a fleet of Japanese transport ships. One American torpedo plane took out fleet tanker "Akabono Maru". Later that morning at about 6:30am, Japanese planes began bombing midway island installations, though causing minimal damage to the U.S. naval base. Between 9:30am and 10:30am the U.S. took out Japanese aircraft carrier's "Kaga, Akagi, and Soryu". During the battle the Japanese recovered three U.S. naval aviators. But after interrogating these men, the Japanese murdered them. On June 5th, 1942, a battleship, under the command of Rear Admiral Spruance, pursued the Japanese fleet westward leaving salvage workers to repair the U.S. aircraft carrier "Yorktown"(which was damaged a day earlier by a Japanese submarine torpedo). The last of the air attacks of the battle took place on June 6th, 1942, with the United States beginning to emerge victorious with the sinking of 2 destroyers, 1 heavy cruiser, and 1 cruiser. Meanwhile a Japanese submarine torpedoed aircraft carrier "Yorktown" and the destroyer "USS Hammann", though it took a day for the carrier to turn over and sink. The Japanese submarine escaped with-out destruction soon after the torpedoing. (Naval Historical Center, Battle of Midway:4-7 June 1942, Department of the Navy... ...he U.S. complete control over the Pacific Ocean. This defeat also gave the Allies an absolute victory over Japan and the remaining Axis powers. The infamous Battle of Midway officially ended on June 7th 1942. Works Cited Baikie, Eric. Ngo, Kevin. Collins, McKenzie. "Major Battles of WWII". Viking Press. January 2002. Bruce, George "Sea Battles of the 20th Century", Stopping the Tide: the Battle of Midway 4th - 7th 1942, Department of the Navy, May 1990 Cressman, Robert, J. "No End Save Victory", Naval Historical Center, June 1998 Dingman, Roger, The origins of naval arms limitation,"Power In The Pacific", Naval Institute Press, 1998. Naval Historical Center, "Battle of Midway: 4th -7th June 1942, Department of the Navy. June, 30, 2003. Naval Historical Center, "Preparation For Battle" Department of the Navy, April 1999

Remembering Blue and Gray from Black and White Essay -- Informative, H

Tony Horwitz takes a journey through the South to find out why people are still obsessed with the Civil War. On his adventure, he met a wide variety of people and he learned that each person has their own opinion of the war and remembers it in their own way. The Civil War was fought by Americans, on each side, and they all should remember it the same way, but as Horwitz found out on his quest, they are drastically different and still very controversial. Horwitz described different concurrences that undoubtedly show race plays a role in how the Civil War is remembered. The first stop of Horwitz’s journey was in Salisbury, North Carolina. Here, he met Sue and Ed Curtis who introduced him to the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Sons of Confederate Veterans. These two groups consisted of people from different backgrounds: a doctor, factory worker, gun-shop owner, etc. The only thing these people had in common was their ancestry; they all had blood ties to someone who fought in the Civil War. Their ancestors fought in the war to preserve their honor and they were fighting for what they believed in, which was state sovereignty. Horwitz was invited to attend a Sons of Confederate Veteran’s meeting they had to celebrate Lee and Jackson’s birthdays. The main event of the meeting was a Lee-Jackson trivia quiz. Though it is a captivating game where one can learn facts about these two distinguishing men of the Civil War, it is just a game. It has no relevance for remembering the Civil War for what it truly was. The members are remembering certain Confederate men of the war, not the whole war entirely. At this meeting, Horwitz met several different men and had questions for them. Horwitz went see the owner of the gun shop to get h... ...hose to sacrifice to stand up for what they believed in, whether it was right or wrong. Hodge also admits to Horwitz that reenacting was a way for him to escape from the twentieth century and all the complicating matters life brings (H-209-281). Horwitz does not believe that racism is an omnipresent characteristic in the different ways the Civil War is remembered, but he does recognize that it plays a very crucial role in the memory of the Civil War. He meets several different people (Connor, Wells, and Hodge) that show great respect and recognize the importance of the war. In his work, Horwtiz shows that some individuals and activities are more racist than others. These activities are usually performed by people who lack the knowledge of the true reason the Civil War occurred. These unfortunate people show great stupidity and thoughtlessness in their actions.

Cell Energetics Study Guide

Cellular Energetics Study Guide 1. Overall Metabolism a. Oxidation – a molecule LOSSES hydrogen, energy is RELEASED b. Reduction – a molecule GAINS hydrogen, energy is GAINED and stored (the more reduced a molecule is, the more energy is stored in its COVALENT BONDS) *** Always occur in a coupled pair (RED-OX)*** c. Electron Carriers i. Oxidizing Agents: are REDUCED to OXIDIZE another molecule 1. NAD+ – oxidizes glucose to 2 pyruvate in glycolysis, oxidizes pyruvate to CO2 in the Kreb’s cycle (gets reduced to NADH) 2.NADP+- oxidizes H2O to O2 during the Light Dependent Reactions of photosynthesis, final electron acceptor from chlorophyll (PSI) (gets reduced to NADPH) 3. FAD+- oxidizes NADH to NAD during glycolysis and transported to the mitochondrion (gets reduced to FADHs) ii. Reducing Agents: are OXIDIZED to REDUCE another molecule 4. NADH- reduces 2 pyruvate to 2 lactic acid in fermentation, reduces O2 during the respiratory chain (gets oxidized to NAD) *CANNOT pass through the mitochondrion* 5.NADPH- reduces CO2 to form carbohydrates (Calvin Cycle) in the Dark Reactions of photosynthesis (gets oxidized to NADP) 6. FADH2- reduces O2 during the respiratory chain (gets oxidized to FAD) *CAN pass through the mitochondrion* 2. Phosphorylation: Formation of ATP (ADP + P ATP) d. Substrate-level: direct enzymatic transfer of a phosphate to ADP * Only occurs during glycolysis when O2 is not needed to function * Only a small amount of ATP is produced this way e.Electron Transfer /Chemiosmosis: the movement of protons (H+) down a concentration gradient through ATP synthase that can HARNESS THE ENERGY OF THAT GRADIENT (proton-motive force) to bond ADP and phosphate to create ATP through oxidative phosphorylation * Occurs during the Light Dependent Reaction * 90% of ATP is produced this way 3. Photosynthesis f. Balanced Net Reaction: light 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 g. Light Dependent Reaction – occurs on the thylakoid lumen iii. Photol ysis – oxidation of H2O to release electrons used to return PSII to ground state iv.NADP Reduction – NADP receives an electron from PSI as it passes through electron transfer chains, reducing it to NADPH+. Electrons are passed from excited atoms that gain energy from a photon. v. ATP Synthesis – ATP is produced by chemiosmotic phosphorylation. Proton gradient (within the thylakoid interior) is made as electrons from photosystems are passed through proton pumps. h. Light Independent Reaction – occurs in the stroma vi. CO2 fixation: RuBP + CO2 2 PGA (a form that can be easily reduced).The reaction is catalyzed by RUBISCO. 7. In the presence of oxygen, RuBP + O2 Bad Sugar; process is called photorespiration. Plants overcome this by keeping a HIGH concentration of CO2. Land plants must compromise opening the stroma to maintain high CO2 concentration with loss of H2O. There are 2 additional adaptations that evolved: a. C-4 Pathway – formation of Oxaloac etate (C-4) from CO2 + PEP (C-3). Occurs in outer cells (mesophyll). Calvin cycle occurs in inner cells only (closer to supply of CO2, bundle sheath). b.CAM Pathway – like C-4, but fixation only occurs at night, when water loss is minimal. Found in desert plants, like cacti. vii. Calvin Cycle 8. PGA is reduced to PGAL using the products of the light dependent reaction, NADPH (oxidized) and ATP (provides energy) 9. One-sixth of the PGAL produced is used to create glucose for the cell to grow and repair. 10. Five-sixths of the PGAL is used to produce RuBP, completing the cycle (energy requiring). 4. Cellular Respiration i. Balanced Net Reaction: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O j.Glycolysis – occurs in the cytoplasm. All organisms carry out this process. viii. Glucose is double phosphorylated by 2 ATP and broken up into two three carbon phosphorylated molecules called PGAL ix. Each PGAL is phosphorylated by a free phosphate and ADP to form Biphosphoglycerate (BPG) while NAD is reduced to NADH. x. Each BPG aides in Substrate Level Phosphorylation of two ADP’s to form 2 ATP’s. Water is released. The remaining 3 carbon molecule is pyruvate. k. Fermentation – when pyruvate is used to oxidize NADH to replenish NAD+.Only produces 2 ATP per glucose through glycolysis. Some organisms (anaerobic) do it exclusively. Occurs regularly in all cells, but products can build up when NAD supplied through reduction of pyruvate is not available. 2 Forms: xi. Alcoholic – produces ethanol and CO2 from reduction of pyruvate. xii. Lactic acid – produces lactic acid from the reduction of pyruvate. l. Kreb’s Cycle – NAD required to begin. Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria or in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. xiii. Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA, Reduced by _______, Releases 1 NADH. iv. Acetyl CoA is added to Oxaloacetate to form Citrate. xv. Citrate is broken down releasing 2 H2O and is oxidized 4x: by NAD+ thrice an d once by FAD+. One Substrate Level phosphorylation occurs producing ATP. Oxaloacetate is the product and continues the cycle by being added to the next available acetyl CoA. m. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation – takes place on the cristae (inner mitochondrial) membrane. xvi. NADH and FADH2, products of Glycolysis and Krebs are oxidized by Q (molecule embedded in the membrane).Electrons are passed to cytochrome and protons are pumped into the proton pumps. xvii. The protons diffuse back through ATP synthase in a process called chemiosmosis. The energy harnessed allows an oxidative phosphorylation of ATP. (3 for each NADH, 2 for each FADH2) xviii. Free protons in the matrix and the electrons accepted by E. T. C are passed to O2, which is reduced to water. Stomata Allows gas exchange; since a lot of water can be lost, plants only open stomata for photosynthesis in daylight; at night they close to reduce loss of water. **CAM plants keep their stomates closed duri ng day and open at night*** Mesophyll C-3 Plants: Calvin Cycle during day C-4 Plants: CO2 combines with 3 carbon molecule PEP to form C-4 acid CAM Plants: stores CO2 in organic compounds that are synthesized at night Bundle sheath C-4 Plants: Calvin Cycle during day CAM Plants: Calvin Cycle during day Thylakoid lumen Light dependent reactions Stroma Calvin Cycle/Light independent reactions Inner membrane E. T. C. Cytoplasm Glycolysis & Fermentaion Matrix Kreb’s Cycle Diagrams (know following structures and what takes place there)

Requirements for Research Essay

Abstract This study entitled â€Å"Orange (Citrus Sinensis) Peelings Extract as an Alternative shoe Polish† aims to aims to determine if orange peeling oil extract be a good alternative for shoe polish specifically to answer the following questions (1) What specific properties of the shoe polish produced are present/ identified? (2) What are the physical properties of the orange peeling extract shoe polish as to texture, color, and odor? (3) Is there significant difference/s between the orange peeling extract and coconut oil shoe polish with that of the other commercially sold shoe polish in terms of: polish-ness, odor, and texture? The researcher then conducted a series of experiments to test the project. These processes are the extraction of oil from the orange peelings that would be then mixed with the coconut oil produced (cooked) from the coconut plant and the testing and comparing of the alternative shoe polish made with that of the commercially sold shoe polish. The test was conducted with the use of leather shoes as the test object. The results showed that the alternative shoe polish produced has almost the same qualities as to that of the commercially sold shoe polish in terms of its physical properties. The produced shoe polish made the shoes shine a little bit and produced a nice odor considering the natural scent of the orange oil which is added to the mixture. The researcher recommends  trying testing different ratios of each and seeing in what trial it produced the best shoe polish. Further reading about the project is also recommended to widen the scope of study and to produce an alternative shoe polish that would be of help in aiming for the alternative shoe polish with the nearest qualities with that of commercial shoe polish. Acknowledgement The researcher wish to extend her sincerest appreciation to the following people who helped make this research. They are the ones who helped and supported me in performing this research. First to our Project Adviser and Research Teacher, Ma’am Juliet Ilustre-Herreria for continuously guiding and helping me throughout the making of my investigatory project; asked some tricky questions and suggested some opinions that eventually helped a lot in making the project. Next, to my cousin, Sherwin Keith Saringan for helping me choose what project to make and giving some information that could be of great help. To my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Balcorta for me giving support and supplying the materials that would be needed for this project to be completed. To my classmates and friends for giving encouragement whenever I lose hope and most of all to the Lord, up above, for answering my prayers and continuously guiding me in doing this research. Without these people around me, my investigatory project entitled, Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peeling Extract as an Alternative Shoe Polish, won’t be finished.

A Brief History Of The Internet Origins

By default, any definitive history of the Internet must be short, since the Internet (in one form or another) has only been in existence for less than 30 years. The first iteration of the Internet was launched in 1971 with a public showing in early 1972. This first network, known as ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork) was very primitive by today's standards, but a milestone in computer communications. ARPANET was based upon the design concepts of Larry Roberts (MIT) and was fleshed out at the first ACM symposium, held in Gaithersburg, TN in 1966, although RFPs weren't sent out until mid 1968. The Department of Defense in 1969 commissioned ARPANET, and the first node was created at the University of California in Los Angeles, running on a Honeywell DDP-516 mini-computer. The second node was established at Stanford University and launched on October first of the same year. On November 1, 1969, the third node was located at the University of California, Santa Barbara and the fourth was opened at the University of Utah in December. By 1971 15 nodes were linked including BBN, CMU, CWRU, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, MIT, NASA/Ames, RAND, SDC, SRI and UIU(C). In that same year, Larry Roberts created the first email management program. As a side note, Ray Tomlinson is the person who established the â€Å"@† sign as a domain/host designator from his Model 33 Teletype. The first international connection to ARPANET is established when the University College of London is connected in 1973, and RFC-454 â€Å"File Transfer Protocol† was published. 1973 was also the year that Dr. Robert Metcalf's doctoral thesis outlined the specifications for Ethernet. The theory was tested on Xerox PARCs computers. 974 saw the launch of TELNET public packet data service. UUCP (Unix-to-Unix Copy Protocol) was developed at AT&T Bell Labs in 1976, and distributed with UNIX the following year. 1978 saw the split of TCP into TCP and IP. In 1979 the first MUD (Multi-User Domain) was created by Dr. Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw from the University of Essex, and was the foundation for multi-player games (among other things). This event marked the gradual decline of productivity over the Internet. In 1981 a cooperative network between CUNY (City University of New York) and Yale was established. This network was called BITNET (Because It's There NETwork) and was designed to provide electronic mail transfer and list serve services between the two institutions. RFC-801 â€Å"NCP/TCP Transition Plan† was published that same year. It was because of the growing interconnectivity of new networks that the phrase â€Å"Internet† was coined in 1982, and the Department of Defense also declared TCP/IP to be its defacto standard. The first name server was developed in 1983 at the University of Wisconsin, allowing users to access systems without having to know the exact path to the server. 1983 also saw the transition from NCP to TCP/IP, and it was at this same time that ARPANET was split into ARPANET and MILNET. 68 of the current 113 existing nodes were assigned to MILNET. It was also in 1983 that a San Francisco programmer, Tom Jennings wrote the first FidoNet Bulletin Board System, which was capable of allowing both email and message passing over the Internet between networked BBSs by 1988. In 1984, the number of hosts on the Internet broke 1000, and DNS (Domain Name Services) was introduced. Moderated newsgroups also made their first appearance this year, although it would be almost a year and a half before NNTP (Network New Transfer Protocol) would be introduced. In 1985, the WELL (Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link) was launched out of Sausalito California, allowing San Francisco Bay Area users free access to the Internet. The Internet had grown so fast, and to such large proportions by this time that some control was needed to oversee its expansion, so in 1986, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) came into existence under the IAB. 1988 Saw the advent of IRC (Internet Relay Chat), developed by Jarkko Oikarinen, and it can be safely assumed that the first â€Å"Hot Chat† took place very shortly afterwards. By 1989 the number of Internet hosts had capped 100,000, and the first commercial Internet mail service was created by MCI. In 1990, ARPANET was finally closed down and ceased to exist. Two other notable events this year include the release of ARCHIE by Peter Deutsch, Alan Emtage, and Bill Heelan at McGill, and the first remotely controlled machine to be linked to the Internet; a toaster (controlled by SNMP). 1991 was the year what WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers), was released by Brewster Kahle, of Thinking Machines Corporation; Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill released Gopher from the University of Minnesota, and most notably, World-Wide Web was released by Tim Berners-Lee of CERN. By 1992 the number of hosts on the Internet had exceeded 1,000,000 and the first MBONE audio multicast was made. In 1993 InternNIC was created by, the National Science Foundation (NSF). InterNIC provided a centralized organization for domain name registration, and continues to regulate that function today. As the great, unwashed hordes began to flood into the Internet, it was only natural that vendors would soon follow. So in 1995, the first Internet based â€Å"shopping mall† was opened on the World Wide Web. It was also in this year that the World Wide Web edged out FTP as the most popular service on the Internet. In 1995, Compuserve, America Online and Prodigy opened up Internet access portals, and hundreds of thousands of commercial users flooded into what had previously been the private domain of veteran computer users. The average IQ dropped dramatically at this point. Since 1995, some of the new and/or emerging technologies have included Server Push, Multicasting, Streaming Media, E-Commerce, ASP and XML. Although the Internet started out of military necessity, it is doubtful that its creators could envision its impact, not only on the American culture or the world in general, but on the future of the human race. The Internet will continue to grow and evolve in the years to come, becoming an indispensable channel of communication and a catalyst for human evolution.

The Tortilla Curtain

Chris Farley English A Wilson October 30, 2010 TC Essay In the novel, The Tortilla Curtain, by T. C. Boyle a couple experiences life in California and never know whats going to happen. They find out life as they thought it would be, really isn’t how they imagined. They go through some great hardships that will forever change their lives and change their thoughts on things. Candido and America went through the most hardest times in this novel, they are illegel immigrants, they have no money, and Candido turns into a criminal doing all he can to survive. They came to the United States in hope of fulfilling their dreams.When they got here they thought they would be able to make a life for themselves and be able to live happily. Their views on that really changed when they had no place to live and hardly any food to eat. Being illegal immigrants there was really not much that they could do about food, money, a real job, and a place to live and call their home. He had to allow Amer ica to go and try and get work from the labor exchange when she made a very clear point when she said â€Å"We have maybe a cup or rice left, half a twelve-ounce sack of dry beans, six corn tortillas, no eggs, and no milk†(28).At this point Candido lost some of his pride and his manhood and he had no idea what he could to do earn it back. There was no way that Candido could have got a decent job and earn the house that he had promised his wife America before they came here seeing as he was illegal. He had promised her a house that was described as â€Å"A clean white one made out of lumber that smelled like the mountains, with a gas range, a refrigerator, and maybe a little yard for a garden and a place for the chickens†(28-29).He had to allow America to go and try and get work from the labor exchange when she made a very clear point when she said â€Å"We have maybe a cup or rice left, half a twelve-ounce sack of dry beans, six corn tortillas, no eggs, and no milkâ⠂¬ (28). With everything already being as bad as it was, America was pregnant and how would he be able to provide for his wife and his baby when she was born? Later in the novel it comes to a part where Candido and America leave their camp in the canyon and head for the city.Once they are there they come across a guy who asked them if they needed a place to stay, saying his aunt’s house was just around the corner. The guy led him into a trap where they beat him up and as he says â€Å"They got everything, every penny† (234). He fell for the trap and it made him think that he could not really trust anyone else but himself and his wife. There was no way that they could have gotten anything now and they had to make their way back into the camp in the canyon that they had left in the first place.Once Thanksgiving came around Candido had gotten a little bit of work and while he was at the market he was given a turkey. When he returned with the turkey they had fixed it all up so they could try and cook it. While that was all happening the flames from the fire had leapt to the trees and everything went up in a blaze. After they managed to get away from the fire and after they had a drink from the chinamans water hose they found themselves in a clump of bushes. While laying there Candido heard a noises from the leaves around them and in that instant America whispered to him â€Å"I think my water broke.The baby’s coming I can’t help it†(278). He had no idea what he was doing when he was delivering his baby, after all they were in the maintence shed and he had to make do with what was there. After the baby was born, it was time for them to move out of the shed and Candido had to make a house out of what he could. He finally made it out of some pallets that were held together with some nails. He turned into a criminal and was stealing dog dishes, dog food, and among other things. At this point he was climbing into peoples backyards an d taking what he needed.He happened to take a piece of green plastic from a greenhouse that one of them managed to have in their yards for his roof. After he made several trips to make something out of what he had he finally brought America and even though she didn’t want to be there she had no choice. While he was hungry he was thinking that some stew would be good and out of nowhere the cat appeared(Delaney’s cat) and Candido called out to it â€Å"Here kitty†(308). America wanted to know what was next after all of that and she asked Candido and he shrugged and said â€Å"I’ll find work I guess†(323).She made up her mind and told him â€Å"I want to go home and I don’t care if you come or not, it’s you they want not me. You’re the one†(323). She did not want to raise her daughter like that and Candido couldn’t do anything about their situation at all. He stood by the post office for hours trying to attract the a ttention of every pickup that pulled into the lumberyard, but he had no luck at all. He was making his way back to America when he noticed that someone was on the shoulder of the road up ahead.It was Delaney that was off on the side of the road and Candido froze. As he was thinking about the accident all over again he heard Delaney shout â€Å"You stay right there! †(331). Candido had made himself back to America and their little makeshift home, not realizing he was being followed by Delaney. Once he came in America told him that it looked like he saw a ghost and he responded with â€Å"I wish it was only a ghost†(349). He told her â€Å"it was the one with the red hair who hit me with his car, he scares me†(349).After eating and his clothes dried up America had told him that there was something wrong with Socorro’s eyes and she couldn’t see. Candido thought she was crazy and didn’t want to believe that his baby was blind. In that next insta nce Delaney appeared from nowhere and he held a gun but then he dropped it once he heard the roar of what was happening. Their homemade house fell to nothing and crumbled within the flood. They rode a pallet all the way down to the roof of the post office and that is when it hit Candido hard. He asked America â€Å"Where’s the baby? †(355) and she didn’t answer him.He was â€Å"numbed right through to the core†(355) and in that moment he saw the white face come up through the dark water and he reached down and took a hold of it. He saw that his baby girl Socorro was gone, lifeless and nothing could have changed that no matter how much he cursed about it and got angry. That was the worst thing that he could have had happen to him and he was angry, angry that his daughter would never be able to live the way he wanted her to and the way they should have lived. Candido and America went through a great deal of hardship over this novel and no one deserves to li ve like that.They had to make changes so that they could live and be able to try and live for what they came to the U. S. for. Neither of them got the dream life that they imagined but America sure grew from the experience. You can say that Candido was able to learn that your dreams in life don’t come as easy as you thought they would. You are going to have to make some kind of plan for life so you can go from that and know what you are doing.Works Cited Boyle, T. Coraghessan. The Tortilla Curtain. New York: Penguin Group, 1995. Print. The Tortilla Curtain In Part II, Chapter 3 of The Tortilla Curtain, Delaney’s life finally feels like it is returning back to normalcy. He is preparing a barbeque on a Sunday evening in mid-August, while his wife, Kyra is stretched out by the pool relaxing, but her work still by her side. They ate their dinner and began conversation about how she, â€Å"Kyra† had cleaned up Shoup, by telling Mike, her boss, that something need to be done or people would stop house shopping up here. Delaney began daydreaming about a meeting with Jack Jardine and a few of his neighbors. It was his first time meeting Dominick Flood and learning of his house confinement. The main agenda for the meeting was to disgust the wall the neighbors wanted to put up to keep the intruders out. To this Delaney was in complete shock. Upon returning from his daydream, the scene of yet another one of his dogs, Osbert, being swept up by the coyote in front of their eyes this time was of complete surprise. Delaney is definitely one that dominates Part II, Chapter 3 of The Tortilla Curtain. Delaney is still considered the liberal humanist, who believes in nature and feels that everyone should have right whether legal or illegal, but you can start to see him slowly evolve into a more reactionary racist, fueled by his anger of the accident and everything happening to him. Delaney has openness to anything around him such as his work but yet he is conscientiousness of everything that he does and what his family does. You see Delaney changing in this chapter by words he is using such as this statement he made to Kyra, â€Å" â€Å"Mexicans,† Delaney said, and there was no hesitation anymore, no reluctance to identify people by their ethnicity, no overlay of liberal-humanist guilt. Mexicans, there were Mexicans everywhere. † Kyra is conscientiousness about everything that she does, whether it being how her work has to be just perfect for the clients or how Jordan has to eat exactly what she wants him to eat. She is also an extraversion. She has so much energy and positive emotions that she puts into her job as a realtor. At the end of Part II, Chapter 3 of The Tortilla Curtain, I feel that Kyra is starting to feel like she is losing control over things in her live. First, Sacheverell and now Osbert has been captured by the coyote that she can’t seem to control by putting up a fence. THEME Immigrants â€Å"Mexicans† need to be stopped is one theme in this chapter. Kyra has had enough and she doesn’t want the scene of so many of them being seen by the 7-eleven on the boulevard as potential home buyers are driving by. She believes that’s the sort of thing they’re moving away from and she wants a good impression on the neighborhood. Another Theme in Part II, Chapter 3 in The Tortilla Curtain, is walls of privacy. The community of Arroyo Blanco Estates wants to protect itself from intruders on their land and community. They don’t feel safe anymore since the attack on Sunny DiMandia. They want to keep people that don’t live there out and they feel that putting up a wall will keep people and unwanted creatures out as well. A wall is a barrier to keep people and things out as well as to keep people and things in.

Future of Games in IPTV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Future of Games in IPTV - Essay Example Television was earlier marked by a lot of chaos and uncontrollability. With television, there were a number of data security risks as well. But nowadays, the improvement in the field of IP protocol based networks has allowed moving images to be transferred directly to home computer, which acts as a perfect replacement for cable television. This new type of television that is revolutionizing the telecast and broadcasting industry is known by names such as net television, webcasting and video streaming. Internet protocol Television or IPTV is the new method of television viewing, and the quality of IPTV generally depends on factors such as connection speeds of the Internet, the load placed on the network, transmission equipments and the capacity of the terminal device. Internet Protocol television or IPTV is a new mode of Internet television viewing, which uses Internet protocol networking and architecture methods to a network infrastructure which is packet switched. Hence IPTV does not use the traditional mediums such as radio frequency broadcast, cable television formats or satellite signal. IPTV is being hailed as the future medium of choice for playing online massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORG) and other gaming genres such as First Person Shooters (FPS), Real Time Strategy (RTS) and racing games. Besides games meant for the PC, it is also expected that future console games such as the ones available on Xbox 360 would be exclusively available on IPTV. IPTV can be broadly classified into three categories: video and content on-demand, times shifted programming and live television. Unlike other web based services, IPTV uses it’s unique standardization the process such as the ETSI. IPTV also uses high speed channels and s et-top boxes, making the experience of Internet television more interactive and personalized. IPTV however is very different from Internet television. In the case of IPTV,

History of East Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of East Asia - Essay Example ruthless, despite the clarity indicating that civilization is a force that Japan or any other country cannot fight, it has not taken root in Japan as it should have since there are some quarters of resistance. Therefore, it is Fukuzilwa Yukichis argument that Japan must simply fight for civilization since the present world is a world of competition. The western civilization has spread virtually everywhere through the help of the existing communication facilities, such that its wind is being felt everywhere in the East. However, the western civilization did not take effect in Japan with the speed that would have been anticipated. This is because; despite the fact that people gradually understood the importance of embracing civilization and started to accept it, the political structure in Japan did not favor civilization. Thus, as much as the people would struggle to adapt the characteristics of western civilization, â€Å"there lay on the road of progress an old-fashioned government†3. Civilization is, in fact, vast, such that a country can no longer consider its own independence from the concept of civilization. This is because; â€Å"the question of a country’s independence from foreign countries is no more than one small part in a complete theory of civilization†4. Civilization is also very intrusive, suc h that it has permeated into almost every aspect and endeavor of the human spirit, so much so that it becomes difficult for people to dissociate with it. It is not only Japan that has some political and custom factors that acts as barriers to civilization, but also the other countries of East Asia. Japan is neighbored by China and Korea, and the two countries have also resisted civilization by clinging to their old customs. Nevertheless, the fact remains that civilization cannot be avoided, owing to the fact that even though China and Korea have stuck to their old customs, â€Å"they are not cut off from seeing and hearing of civilization.

Macro-prudential Policies Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Macro-prudential Policies - Coursework Example A long-term environmental and social impact forms a group of another driver. A series of related events straight from resource limitations and climatic variations in unmanageable debt levels has significant implications for a long-term economic pattern. Consequently, the factors are so crucial in the long-term savings, particularly, in available pension schemes as well in the insurance industry. The third driver is Technological innovation. The use of information technology in communication as well in the commerce sector. This has contributed to the revolution in a manner that the financial transactions are processed and leads to the provision of totally new services as well as business models. To this effect, there are two different connected and overlapping technological systems.This has led to the increase in volume and variety of big data as well regular network connection (Acharya, and Yorulmaze,2008, p.2017). Hence, these probably need some components of financial systems. The aspects are significant since they help in adjusting the latter in order to sustain the relevance and profitability in the future financial system. Besides, Innovations in economics and monetary policy is one o the key drivers that affect the financial system. The financial calamity has led to an analysis of earlier theories and policy instruments that are found in the sectors of macroeconomics and finance. Consequently, the theories help manage monetary policies and regulations of the financial system.