Jfk Assassinaton Essay Example For Students

Jfk Assassinaton Essay J.F.K. AssassinationIf Lee Harvey Oswald killed J.F.K. and it wasnt a conspiracy, then why is the government still withholding reports done on the assassination from the publics eyes, in the FBIs possession?President Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 on November 22. He was elected president in 1961. First he was a senator. Then he went straight from Capitol Hill to the White House. Robert Kennedy was attorney general and was J. F. K.s brother. He was head of the investigation of the assassination after Kennedy was killed (3: 1-5). Both Robert and J. F. K. knew that people wanted to kill them. J. F. K. didnt worry about it. But after John F. Kennedy was killed, his brother Robert Kennedy ordered that the casket was to be kept closed to public viewing. Robert thought it would have been him to get killed first, not his brother (5: 83). Robert encouraged his brother to sign three anti-crime bills. The bills targeted organized crime. They were used to stop gambling or at least crack down o n it (7: NP). But even with the bills, the FBI director, Hoover, was afraid to go after the mob before the assassination because he thought his agents would become corrupt, and because Castro knew about the conspiracy against him. Hoover even told his agents that if the Mafia caught them, they would be fired and would be treated as a renegade (5: 84). The government didnt approve of the crack down on the mob that was in America. Teddy Kennedy loved busting the Mafia. People like Jimmy Hoffa. Even Frank Sinatra became close friends with Teddy, even made trips to the White House (3: 12-18). But just like his brother John, Robert was also killed (3: 105). After the assassination Robert carried on the bills and got killed also (3: 105). In 1962 Cuba was known to have missiles from the Soviet Union in Cuba. They thought Cuba or the Soviet Union would make a nuclear strike. Accused of helping the soviet union wage war on the U.S., enemies and suspects were made (7: NP). Neither the FBI no r the CIA approved of getting into the Vietnam War. They didnt approve of any of the presidents decisions (3: 105). There were three shots, even a possible four. Some people think that the last shot was one from an agents gun going off into J.F.K.s head after reacting to the shots (5: 84-85). The first shot missed. The second shot hit J.F.K.s shoulder, back, and throat; and Connallys shoulder, wrist, and leg (5: 84-85). But how could one bullet travel with that much force to go through all of that flesh? The third shot was fatal to Kennedy but was very far away, very accurate, and deadly efficient (5: 99). Even the FBIs best couldnt shot with Oswalds gun that accurately (5: 84-85). The gun was tested by the FBI and was found to be off centered. Many people coming from the grassy knoll heard the possible fourth shot. Someone was also seen running away from the knoll and was seen lingering there before the shots rang out. Whoever it was seemed to look like a FBI agent. The three shots that rang out on that very famous day can not be done in that same amount of time or with that accuracy even today (5: 84-85). Oswald was a very simple person with many mental problems. He mail ordered the gun that he supposedly shot Kennedy with. It only cost 21 dollars and was bought under a bogus name (5: 90). And after buying the gun Oswald had his wife take a picture of him holding the gun up by his side (3: 1-3). Why would Oswald take a picture of himself and the gun if he was planning to kill the President? You cant expect a very good shot to come from a mail order gun for 21 dollars and with a mental case handling it. During the middle of the cold war Oswald ran to Russia and came home disillusioned. Oswald tried to get citizenship in Moscow and when they refused him he cut his wrists (5: 71). And soon after Oswald met with Valery Vladimirovich Kostikov, a Russian ambassador, and with out Oswald knowing, he wrote a memo to his superiors asking if Oswald was in or out of the assassination plot (5: 90). Oswald was such a bad shot that once while he was still in the marines he shot himself in the foot while at post in Japan. Oswald wanted to leave the country so bad that he wanted to go to Cuba and even referred to the leader as Uncle Fidel (5: 72). Why would an American Marine want to go to Cuba where they were hated? Oswalds friends said that Oswald admired Kennedy. He didnt have a motive to kill Kennedy. Even Oswalds wife had a secret attraction to J.F.K., that even hedidnt know about (5: 71-72). Oswald even tried to get his wife to come with him to Dallas to see the President. When she refused him, she awoke the next morning to find his wedding ring and all that they had saved together plus 170 dollars beside their bed (5: 72). No one even actually saw Oswald shoot Kennedy. All that the people saw was Oswald running away from the scene (5: 94). How could the FBI agents get such an accurate description of Oswald if he was running away from the scene? The description was broadcast over the radio right after the assassination. Oswald worked at the book depositary way before the rote was made for Kennedy to come down (5: 94). How could Oswald have known that Kennedy would have been coming that way that afternoon? Oswald denied shooting J.F.K. after being caught and even denied shooting J.D. Tippit after Tippit spotted him. Tippit was a Dallas police officer that was on the look out for Oswald and spotted him in the book depository, where Oswald shot him (5: 72). It was a warm summer day when his life turned upside down EssayHosty, a special agent at the FBI and a friend of Oswald, had his phone number found in Oswalds address book and walked into the FBI weeks before the assassination. Oswald walked into the office and handed them a note to give Hosty, telling them to leave his wife alone (5: 90). Why would the FBI be after Oswalds wife? After Hosty received the note the director of the FBI ordered Hosty to get rid of the note Oswald left him (5: 84). Hosty was also told by the FBI not to tell the Dallas police anymore than he had already told them (5: 86). Why would the FBI be after Oswalds wife? His wife was in no way involved in the assassination. The only part Oswalds wife played in the assassination was she took the famous picture of Oswald holding the mail order gun in his hand. In which Oswald claimed to be a fake. When trailed, Marina Oswald testified that she thought that Lee Harvey Oswald was shooting at John Connally, not J.F.K. Because the former Navy secretary brushed off Oswalds request to upgrade his Marine Corps discharge. Even a Dallas lawyer overheard Oswald and Jack Ruby plotting the kill of Connally, while they were in the book depository. So why would Oswald, a simple veteran who loved his country but tried to escape it, have no motive, try to kill the President? Castro was the one who was angry with the U.S., because they planed to assassinate him. And why would the Warren Commission be made up of just FBI agents and not the CIA and other branches of the government? And why doesnt the government make the report available to the public for viewing? Oswald did not kill the President, but was used to take the blame for the assassination. Ruby was brain washed by the Mafia to kill Oswald. And the Mafia was paid off by the government to hire Ruby. American History Essays

Argumentative Research Essay Topics With Sports

Argumentative Research Essay Topics With SportsThere are many ways to make a good argumentative research essay topic with sports. You can have an essay filled with information on the history of the sport, how they are played and what they mean to a country. The essay can be about their history as a sports team, the different personalities that are involved or about a particular player or athlete that has an interesting story to tell.The first step when you are writing an argumentative research essay topic with sports is that you need to remember that there is not only one sport or tournament. There are many different tournaments to choose from, depending on where you are located in the world. If you live in a country that has only one large sport, for example the Olympics, you may find that the topics you need to cover with that tournament will be much more limited than if you live in a country where there are many other sports.Once you have found out which sports are popular in your country, you will need to think about which types of essays you want to tackle in that essay topic. If you are writing a list essay, then you will want to focus on sports that are very popular in your country. Sports like tennis, golf, basketball, baseball, softball, soccer, etc. are very popular in most countries and therefore they are good topics to cover in your essay.When you have decided which sports are popular in your country, you need to think about the topics that will help you come up with an essay topic with sports. Since this essay is going to be about a particular sport, it would be wise to do some research to find out all the information you need to come up with a good argumentative research essay topic with sports. This can be done by reading different sports magazines, news papers, watching sports programs, reading about different sports stars, etc. You can also get access to information online, but make sure that you don'tget information from the very same website that sold you the sports equipment.When you are researching different websites, make sure that you read the terms and conditions that are mentioned there before you sign up. You may want to consider using a service that gives you a brief review of each website, so that you can decide on whether or not it is worth using. For example, you may be getting information about the availability of articles written on a particular topic, where the website is from, their reputation or what the opinions are of the website from their own customers.Of course, you can still choose to make your own article or you can create your own argumentative research essay topic with sports by researching and writing about different subjects. This way, you can include personal experiences with the various athletes and stars in the sports that you are writing about. You can also include general information about these sports, such as their history and development.You can write about any aspects of sports that y ou want to. In fact, it's a great idea to have different types of articles about different types of sports to add variety to your essays. If you have specific topics in mind, just remember that research is always a good thing.

Whale Rider; Rapa Nui an Example of the Topic Film Essays by

Whale Rider; Rapa Nui Whale Rider Not just the words through the movie, the narration by Kahu, but the music that moves with the shadows and light in the ocean, has an overwhelming emotion with which the viewer may identify. When the narration begins, it is Kahu who says, There was no gladness when I was born. These words are witnesses of events to happen. This is no story which begins with joy, but a tale where great hardship must happen first so that when the joy does come, the audience knows what a battle it was to get it, and how much more rewarding it is after such tribulation. Need essay sample on "Whale Rider; Rapa Nui" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Kahus story, her birth, marks the death of her mother and twin brother. Her twin was supposed to be the next leader of the Maori tribe. Her name is also an affront, her great grandfather believes, to the faith and tradition of the tribe. It is a blasphemy to their ancestor the great Whale Rider, who was male. The altercations which arise between Kahus father and great grandfather isnt mainly between ones acceptance of a belief and the others denial of it, but also of Kahus mothers wish to name the child after that great ancestor, and so begin Kahu on her journey. The powerful moments in this movie are the singing in the Maori tongue. When Kahu sings to the whales, when Koro sings, and especially the shattering feeling of love that is conveyed through their singing during a funeral. There is a specific bond in the words. They carry their dead with their songs, which seem to be saying we will find you soon, we will join you in our ancestral home. The entire film is teeming with the concepts and ideologies of ancestors. When Koro is fixing an engine outside one day, Kahu comes up to him asking questions about her ancestors, for a school project shes working on. He tells her that the link of their ancestors is as strong as this piece of rope, just as the whales are strong and powerful. With that strength of the entire lineage of ancestors the rope can never be broken. It is significant then that the rope breaks and while Koro is trying to find a new one, Kahu fixes it and fixes the engine. This is the predecessor of events to come. Kahus link in the chain is the link, which is the strongest, the one that will again unite the ancestors and whales to the needs of the current culture. All in all, the movie is very compelling both in narration, dialogue and the plot. It is the singing, the landscape, and the inclusion of the Maori language, which makes this film a New Zealand work of art. The history of the people is given fair study and sincerity. The union of the people at the end of the movie becomes part myth and part reality in the components of beached whales, and the resurrection of Paikea in a young girl, riding the bull whale out to sea to save her culture. The surprising factor in the movie is the maturity of Kahu, her diligent advances in the Maori culture and the way in which she tells the story is beyond her keen, but it works, her sad voice over such a beautiful landscape is compelling and honest. Kahu makes the film about a legendary myth, a reality waiting to happen. Rapa Nui Rapa Nui is also a film about legends, myths, and culture. The culture of the film is what really drives the plot into action as the Rapanui legends of Easter Islands is the main focus. The culture of the film is seen in the Sooty Egg hunt and the race to construct in record time a Moai. However the real plot of the story is love. The forbidden love between a couple belonging to different tribes which may be similar to an Easter Island Romeo and Juliet and as with most stories it is this tension of forbidden love which spurns the story onward. Although the interest in the love story is a major part of the film, it is the scenery and the culture and landscape of the film which is entirely enthralling. The great expanse of land hovered over by great (and real) Moai is the staple of the film for the movie watcher. Even the with watching the opening scenes of the film, these statues are shown and the importance of them to the development of the story is well cemented in the viewers mind. The plot would not be able to progress, the love story would not be that interesting nor tragic were these statues not included (also, the race to erect them is what pulls the entire story together) and because they are an integral part of the Easter Island culture it makes the film that much more authentic. It is the erection of the statues that allow for the short ears freedom; and freedom in an enslaved culture (according to the movie) is what will allow for the love to flourish among the couple. There seems to be a fair amount of racism in the film between the long ears and the short ears which adds a great tension to the film as well. Tupa (a long eared) wants to erect his statue first so that he can have Ramana as his wife, but Make (a short eared) has the drive and desire to free his people. It is this freedom that dominates the film instead of the love story. An element of the film that is disheartening is that the film production crew didnt go into detail with the native dress. In fact, the film borrowed from the culture of Maori tribes and other tribes in order to dress the cast. Although the landscape and the statues and the long and short eared elements tied into the myths and legends of Easter Island, this lack of detail to the culture was disheartening. Even though there is love, a civil war, and the fight for freedom as plot devices in the film, everything a movie-goer wants to see, this borrowing from other cultures, lessens the authenticity of the film to such a degree that it ceases to represent the culture of the Easter Islands. In this lessening, the value of the film as a representation of another time and race causes the movie-goers suspension of disbelief to wear thin and they are no longer invested in the outcome of the film. Despite this major drawback, the film does an overall good job (not a great job) in delivering a s uccinct story that keeps the viewers attention through civil war, hate, omens, and love. Works Cited Rapa Nui. (1994). Kevin Reynolds. Easter Island, Majestic Films International. [video: DVD] Whale Rider. (2002). Niki Caro. New Zealand, Apollo Media. [video: DVD]

Term Paper on Leadership

Term Paper on Leadership Leadership is a very common term in our daily and business use.   Students of colleges and universities also use this term in their academic and social perspectives. No one is unaware of this internationally recognized term and its impact over our general lives. Students are often confused in different philosophies of leadership and they forget the real sense of leadership to apply in their personal lives. Similar obstacle comes on their way when they need to write a term paper on leadership. Term paper on leadership is often demanded by their professors and supervisors in different semesters. While writing a term paper on leadership, students may look around for leadership term paper help from different sources. Other than getting help from external sources, students can do a leadership term paper at their own. Leadership term paper can be done only through extensive research and after consulting several books and websites. To write a term paper on leadership, students require guidance on different leadership topics.   They need some guidance for writing term paper on leadership.   You can always buy custom term paper on leadership at our custom term paper writing service.   We have great experienced writers who are trained in writing a term paper on leadership.   We can do a term paper on leadership in the shortest time possible.   We have a huge support staff that remains online at all times when you are placing an order for term paper on leadership.   Leadership term paper help of all kinds is provided at our company, and you can post an order for any kind of term paper on leadership you want. Custom written term papers on leadership are provided to students at very reasonable prices at CustomWritings.com, and revisions are done in the term paper on leadership whenever you require.   We have millions of customers who have their term paper on leadership done through us.   We allow the customer to provide as many guidelines as he wants.   When you place an order for term paper on leadership, you can tell us what kind of term paper on leadership you want, and by what time you want that term paper done.   All writers at CustomWritings.com are trained to fulfill pressing deadlines and that too without compromising on quality. A large percentage of customers at CustomWritings.com are students.   We guarantee our student customers full marks or the best grades in their term paper on leadership.   We provide full refund facility if it is found that our writers did not fulfill the customer’s requirements.   We have a number of customers who have always had their term paper on leadership done through us, and still do.   Yvonne Chesterfield from Canada has been working with us for years.   I have never felt this much comfortable with any other company.   I have always had my term paper on leadership done through CustomWritings.com, and I have always got best grades in class.   All I have to do is place an order with CustomWritings.com at their website, and then rest assured that my term paper on leadership is in safe hands, says Yvonne. We have always been a favorite among students and teachers alike.   We have thousands of customers who have their term paper on leadership written with our custom term paper writing service.   We have never been accused of providing plagiarized material to our customers, and this is the reason CustomWritings.com is the most credible and favorite website company in the whole term paper on leadership writing scenario.

Unethical Behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unethical Behavior - Assignment Example The organization should outline some strategic goals and objectives in the company for the help of proper management. Again, the management team should formulate roles and responsibilities accompanied by ethical behaviors in the company (Jackson, 2011). The roles and responsibilities will reduce unethical and moral behavior practiced by the employees and other teams in the company. Currently, the JPMorgan & company are bearing largest history issues of fraud in the civil society. The company is in a position to get in to deep matters of finding the cause and solution of unethical and immoral behavior in the business (Jackson, 2011). According to the latest news from the internet, JPMorgan is the latest show of unethical behaviors practiced by the workers within the company. In order to do away with the bad issues, the company has paid the security investigations from the business traders to settle down the problem of the frauds in relation to unethical behaviors. Bryan Cain-Jackson (2011). Unethical Behavior. A Journal of JPMorgans Latest Show of Unethical Behavior, Wednesday July 13, 2011 Retrieved from

Business Plan for Budget Hotel Sri Lanka Assignment

Business Plan for Budget Hotel Sri Lanka - Assignment Example The introduction and popularity of budget holiday package in the country is a great fillip to venture budget hotels as an indispensable element of tourism industry. A budget holiday package allows travelers to plan and book their own itineraries in conformity to their needs and preferences. An official source estimates that in the UK there were 22.5 million budget holiday makers in the year 2000 (Mintel). This business plan covers almost all aspects of the proposed business - both qualitative and quantitative information- incorporated to substantiate the viability of the proposed project and business prospects. The Hotel is proposed to be started in a six storied building at Narahenpita, Colombo-05, Sri Lanka. The location is found favourable for a budget hotel as the property has all basic amenities such as three phase electricity, passenger lift and AC rooms (Appendix 3). The hotel will be set up as a joint partnership business venture by Mr. I.T.H. Gamage and Mr. E. Bojang with eq ual share and it is proposed to be named as 'Budget Hotel Sri Lanka'. The business opportunity was identified after an extensive research into the market to venture a small budget hotel in Colombo City, Sri Lanka. It has been decided as part of the strategy that the hotel will offer simple but comfort, safe and secure place for an exceptional experience to customers. The hotel will be targeting both domestic and international tourists who visit and plans to stay in Colombo. This region is the most sought after place for night stay as one of the official sources report that there were 982362 foreign and 380251 local guests who had opted this region for their night stay in 2007(Appendix 04). The hotel is mainly targeting low profile business travellers as well as those who visit the country for purposes like leisure, sport, and sightseeing (Appendix 13). The SWOT and PEST analysis affirm that though there are enough number of hotels and other locally generated accommodation in the cit y, the competition can, to a great extent, be mitigated through the cost leadership strategy (Appendix 9 and 10). Furthermore, the Porter's Five Forces Model (Appendix 11) reaffirms the approach as the city is seriously lagging behind in meeting the travellers' needs in an economical manner. Though the country has faced a decline in tourist arrival during 2006 and 2007 period owing to the internal political hardships (LTTE problem and probability of outbreak of a war), it is estimated that an annual increase of 20% is expected (Appendix 15), once the problem is solved. Mintel's Forecast report also reiterates this estimate (Appendix 17). All these pin point the possibilities for the successful operations of the hotel and the opportunities to flourish in future. 2. MISSION STATEMENT The mission of the venture is to become the leader in the budget hotel industry in Sri Lanka, while ensuring growth in the business and its profits. This will be met through the achievement of the following objectives. 2.1. Objectives To be the leader in the budget hotel industry in Sri Lanka by providing standard, safe and comfortable accommodation to customers at affordable prices. Promoting responsible and sustainable tourism by pursuing environmentally friendly operational policies. Expanding the marketing and advertising campaign within Sri Lanka and our major international source markets. Ensuring fair

Multilateral Diplomacy: The Preferred Path?

Multilateral Diplomacy: The Preferred Path? When states are confronted with diplomatic challenges or in the conduct of their foreign policy, international actors make use of several types of foreign policy strategy: multilateral, bilateral and unilateral. For the purpose of this essay, this paper will focus only on multilateral and bilateral diplomacy. Multilateral and bilateral diplomacy are sometimes seen as twines from the same destiny, for example the European Union constitutes an emerging diplomatic order in which multilateralism and bilateralism are intertwined and bilateralism, whilst constituting a significant component of this multilateral order, is at the same time being re-situated within it and policy areas re-located from predominantly bilateral to the multilateral framework or a mixed bi-multilateral set of processes (Keukeleire,2000: 4-5 cited in Batora and Hocking, 2008:14). The rise of multilateral diplomacy can be traced back to the nineteenth century when the concert of Europe sat around the table together a t the congress of Vienna. Yet this diplomacy, developed in its full form in the twentieth century with the creation of the League of Nations in the aftermath of the First World War and with the United Nations, embodiment of multilateral diplomacy, born after the Second World War (Moore, 2012:1). Today, the UN has a worldwide membership and the global landscape is peppered with economic and regional institutions that are multilateral in nature, such as World Trade Organisation, the International Monetary Fund, the European Union and the G20 (Moore, 2012:1). For the purpose of this essay, this paper, first and foremost seeks to define the terms bilateral and multilateral diplomacy respectively. The paper will examine whether multilateral diplomacy is the preferred path for larger states. It will then proceed to examine if bilateral diplomacy still have a role to play. Multilateralism will be discussed from a realist and neoliberals perspective. The paper will also look at bilateral diplomacy in a multilateral context using North Korea as an example. This paper will finally draw a conclusion, by arguing that both multilateral and bilateral diplomacy have various roles to play, multilateral diplomacy is the preferred path for larger states. DEFINITION OF BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY On one hand bilateral diplomacy is characterised by a-sometimes asymmetric-focus on the goal of two actors. It usually means the consensual handling of bilateral relations between two sovereign states. Equal sovereign states are the central actors in the relationship, and any conduct of the relationship needs consensual will from both sides (Klein, Reiners, Zhimin, Junbo, and Slosarcik, 2010:6-20). On the other hand, multilateral diplomacy is defined as a situation where three or more actors are engaged in voluntary and (more or less) institutionalised co-operation governed by norms and principles, with rules that apply (more or less) equally to all (Klein, Reiners, Zhimin, Junbo, and Slosarcik, 2010:7). Furthermore, multilateral diplomacy is viewed as a process linked with norms and ideals about greater international justice, legal equality (or at least non-discrimination) and legitimacy. It is not solely about the number of participating states (Johnson, 2009:56). Moreover, it is defined as the management of international relations among three or more states through diplomatic or representatives without the services of a specialised secretariat (Diplomats, 2009:1). According to Moore, multilateral diplomacy is academically defined as diplomacy conducted via conferences attended by three or more states on the basis of generalised rules of conduct, while a UN envoy has defined it in simpler terms, depicting the diplomatic form as a bunch of countries pushing their own barrows but in the one room (Moore, 2012:1). For the purpose of this essay, this paper defines multilateral diplomacy as a collective, cooperative action by states when necessary in concert with non- state actors-to deal with common challenges and problems when these are best managed collectively at the internal level. In other words, it is the negotiations and discussions which allow these collective and cooperative actions between states and non-states (Cockburn, 2012:1). IS MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY THE PREFERRED PATH FOR LARGER STATES The growing importance of multilateral diplomacy is a phenomenon of the 21st century, partly because the 21st century has thrown up problems which are universal in nature such as human rights, the international control of disease, the international flow of capital and information, humanitarian assistance, labour rights, trade, natural environmental issues with transnational fall-out and environmental issues of an international nature (Cockburn, 2012:1). The above mentioned problems supersede national sovereignty and this have required some form other and above bilateral diplomacy in order to address them (Cockburn, 2012:1). However, a mounting backlash against globalisation is mingling with widespread loss of faith in the multilateral system- with the conspicuous gap between expectations and outcomes in Copenhagen being merely the latest example. This matters a great deal, because if publics believe that cooperation doesnt work, governments will have greater difficulty marshalling the political will or financial resources to carry out multilateral solutions (Jones, 2010:4). Critiques of multilateral diplomacy argued that multilateral agreements will have to target ambiguous and sometimes elusive common denomination of the many national interests involved and this tends to the lowest common denominator of all the countries involved as a result of the need to reach a political consensus among the participants (Reich, 2009:13).The negotiation and drafting process is usually decided by the large and powerful countries, whereas the small countries have almost no ability to influence the outcome of multilater al negotiation (Reich, 2009:13). Again in a multilateral agreement, it is extremely difficult to reach the necessary consensus in order to conclude such an agreement and therefore in many cases it remains a desirable, but unattainable goal (Reich, 2009:17). Additionally, the US, Russia and China all fail to recognise the international criminal court, thus this drastically reducing its power. Also the most published fight against global warming appears to have been brought to a halt by the failure of the major powers to sign up to the Kyoto protocol (Cockburn, 2012:4). Cockburn again argued that multitude of multilateral treaties concerning weapons of war have ended up very little of what they promised because of major powers refusing to sign them. These are black marks against the name multilateral diplomacy and there are cases where rather than recognising a common good and making concessions on all sides, national interest have triumphed (Cockburn, 2012:4). Although achieving broadly multilateral efforts admittedly has its own set of obstacles and pitfalls, but it also has benefits that are inherently is not possible for any nation, even the United States to, achieve when it acts without others or even with a select few (Jentleson, 2003-4:9). For the purpose of this essay, this paper argues that multilateral diplomacy is the preferred path for larger states. The global war against terrorism has only proven the importance of multilateral cooperation. Much of the successes that have been achieved thus far in the war on terrorism has been through broad multilateral cooperation on a number of lower-profile fronts such as intelligence sharing, border security, economic sanctions and law enforcement (Jentleson,2003-4:9; Rademaker, 2006:1). Multilateral diplomacy, has a comparative advantage, by which different nations, relevant international institutions, and nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) all bring to bear their complementary expertise based on their own historical experience, traditional relationships, and policy emphasis (Jentleson, 2003-4:9). The redistribution of power on a global scale pushed by the emergence of new centres of power and the urgency of global challenges (the financial crisis, climate change, maritime security, to name a few) highlights the need for a multilateral diplomacy that deliver global public goods and contain emerging rivalries (Policy brief, 2011:2). As stated by Jones, the 9/11 attacks on the United States intensified multilateral cooperation both through formal and informal institutions, to tackle a range of transnational threats (Jones, 2012:2). Furthermore, there are a category of circumstances which may require only multilateral action through multilateral diplomacy. One example of such is the fight against international money laundry. This fight cannot be handle by a single state due to its nature. However, it has been successfully carried out by a multilateral strategy aimed a t all countries with no exceptions. It is done through a multilateral body named the Financial Action Tax Force (FATF) (Reich, 2009:22) Moreover, multilateral agreements, through multilateral diplomacy offer of course the advantage of lower transaction costs in one central negotiation and drafting process that results in the binding of all the parties to mutual obligation to one another (Reich, 2009:25). And other reason to prefer multilateral action is in circumstances where bilateral action will give unique advantages to the stronger party to the negotiation, and lead to suboptimal outcomes either from a distributive justice or efficiency perspective. In such situations multilateral negotiations that allow weaker countries-such as developing and least developed countries- the possibility to coordinate their positions and bargain collectively with the stronger countries may lead to better results (Reich, 2009:26). This paper argues that in an increasingly interdependent and globalised world, multilateral diplomacy is of value more so ever before in its history. The UN, if reformed accordingly, will continue to be used as a viable multilateral channel to counter fresh global challenges which confront not just a few states but all states (Moore, 2012:1). To further demonstrate how important multilateral diplomacy is to larger states, in his 2010 national security strategy, President Obama acknowledged the fact that the US had been successful after the second world war by pursuing their interest within multilateral forums such as the United Nations and not outside of them( Moore, 2012:2). The global financial crisis of 2008 and the European Unions sovereign debt crisis have demonstrated just how interdependent the economies of the western world are and this crisis has created an age of austerity in which multilateralism is needed ever than before (Moore, 2012:2). With the United States now working multilaterally through the UN and with the onset of a multipolar world, it appears that multilateral diplomacy will continue to be relevant in the 21st century, with the United Nations as the foremost institution for international cooperation. This position has restored UN credibility and revitalised multilateral diplomacy (Moore, 2012:3). The increasingly global nature of the threats that the world faces and the interdependency that is present amongst states shows that multilateral diplomacy remains and will continue to remain, relevant in the 21st century (Moore, 2012:3).The Libya campaign and the efforts to counter Irans nuclear threat are perfect examples of multilateral diplomacy being used effectively in a post 9/11 world. By taking all of these factors into account, it is therefore logical to concur with G.R. Berridge that multilateral diplomacy is here to stay (Moore, 2012:3). DOES BILATERAL DIPLOMACY STILL HAVE A ROLE TO PLAY The past few years have witnessed an outburst of bilateral diplomacy and treaties signed in the field of international law, in general, and in international trade in particular (Reich, 2009:1). Even the United States of America a former champion of multilateralism, which only in 1985 signed its first bilateral free trade agreement (with Israel), has been in a signing spree of such bilateral agreements, with the count now standing on no less than 37 countries with which the US has signed or is in the process of negotiating an (FTA) (Reich, 2009:1). Accordingly, in the field of international investment protection, the attempt by the OECD to create a multilateral investment agreement (MAI) failed in 1998, instead around 2009 we had some 2,750 bilateral investment treaties (BITs), with the number constantly on the rise (Reich, 2009:2). In certain instances, bilateral relations, including the formation of free trade zones, were described as a supplement to the multilateral negotiations on the liberalisation of the trade and the programme explicitly referred to trade relations with the US, Canada and Korea (Czech Republic, 2009:28). Bilateral arrangements also free states from multilateral rules and the demands of diffuse reciprocity; it allows states to obtain benefits from their relationships with weaker states (Klein, Reiners, Zhimin, Junbo and Slosarcik, 2010:22). Furthermore, bilateral-policies enacted by two parties are relatively easy. Simple negotiations reveal what each party wants and does not want. They can quickly resolve differences and move ahead with policy (Jones, 2011:1). Despite all the benefits associated with bilateral diplomacy, this paper still argues that multilateral diplomacy is the preferred path for larger states. As the world becomes smaller through advances in technology and communications, and the more independent the world becomes, the further multilateral diplomacy will develop as a vehicle for international cooperation on major global issues. Regional diplomacy is beginning to develop further with the creation, in the last decades of organisations such as the African Union, the continued enlargement and integration of the European Union after 9/11, and established organisations such as NATO and the Arab League remaining prevalent (Moore, 2012:2). MULTILATERALISM, REALISM AND NEOLIBERALISM Both realist and neoliberals make the assumption that states can be treated as unitary, rational actors pursuing their interests in an anarchic international system (Johnson, 2006:57). For the realist, the international system is portrayed as a brutal arena where states look for opportunities to take advantage of each other, and therefore have little reason to trust each other. Daily life is essentially a struggle for power, where each state strives not only to be the most powerful actor in the system, but also to ensure that no other state achieves that lofty position (Mearsheimer, 1995:9). However, realisms anarchy problematique is outdated, and multilateralism needs to address the more substantive-global problematique of trans-border human security challenges, such as poverty, pollution, climate change, terrorism, drugs, crime and violence- not just state security but human security (Johnson, 2006:57) Realists frame the world in terms of sovereign states competing to maximise their power and individual security. Multilateralism is viewed as a kind of mechanism through which states that rely on self-help can cooperate on the basis of temporarily shared interest (Johnson, 2006:58). Furthermore, the realists consider that the practices, processes and outcomes of multilateralism essentially reflect the participating states power and interest which may shift overtime. By contrast, neoliberals see the institution itself playing a role in embedding norms and practices that integrate themselves in further multilateral practice and institutions, in the neoliberal view, even if the realist are correct in believing that anarchy constrains the willingness to cooperate, states nevertheless can work together and can do so especially with the assistance of institutions (Johnson, 2006:59). MULTILATERALISM VERSUS BILATERALISM: THE CASE OF NORTH KOREA When assessing negotiation approaches for global problems such as nuclear proliferation, it is convenient to assume the liberalist stance of multilateral diplomacy. The commonly cited indispensible element of any negotiation would be to involve all the parties with interests (Diplomats, 2009:1).There are other reasons why multilateral diplomacy such as the six-party talks seems to make sense. Instruments of diplomacy such as economic sanctions and diplomatic pressure are thought to be weaker unless applied multilaterally and there is also the likelihood that a number of bilateral negotiations, where there are conflicting goals, can derail an ongoing multilateral diplomatic effort (Diplomats, 2009:1-2). For the purpose of this essay, this paper suggests that it is better to think multilateral and act bilateral. The bilateral discussions must pre-empt any multilateral talks especially when the North Korean leaderships shows interest to talk. This could be in a series of bilateral meetings (Park, 2005:75-91). A combination of bilateral and multilateral negotiation strategies is the essence of progress in North Korea. The focus however should be on bilateral negotiations that pre-empt framework that suggest Thinking multilaterally and acting bilaterally. This reduces the impact of perceived weaknesses of bilateral approaches such as less effective sanctions and conflicting goals and methods. As long as the overriding multilateral framework has transparency and is cloaked by efficient reporting, no issues of isolation, belligerence or lack of consensus would arise (Diplomat, 2009:3-4). CONCLUSION Having critically examined, whether multilateral diplomacy is the preferred path for larger states, and whether bilateral diplomacy still have a role to play, looked at multilateralism from a realist and neoliberals perspective, and made a thorough examination of the two diplomatic approaches, this paper arrives at a conclusion. The position of this paper remains that in as much as bilateral diplomacy has a role to play, multilateral diplomacy remains the most effective diplomatic strategy in confronting current global threats.